The unseen spaces of migration infrastructure which fall through the literature gaps in the sending countries are mundane spaces such as photo studios and travel agencies who even in the era of the digital play a role as visa applications is hard copy.

The elderly uncle at the photo studio tucked away in the by lanes of a residential area was an encyclopedia of visa related information related to photo sizes.

He rattled off requirements for South Africa, Vietnam, and Turkey in a breath.

Similarly, the travel agent is a guide through the paperwork maze.

These are fixed nodes of transnational networks of circulation which are hidden from the theory gaze